What is K in transformer?

K-factor is a weighting of the harmonic load currents according to their effects on transformer heating, as derived from ANSI/IEEE C57. 110. The higher the K-factor, the greater the harmonic heating effects. There are many different loads such as computers, solid state devices and motors which cause a non linear load.

What is K rating of transformer?

A K-factor rated transformer is designed to handle a degree of harmonic load currents without overheating. The K-rating number of the transformer (1, 4, 9, 13, 20) is in indication of the amount of harmonic current the transformer is capable of handling.

What is K in transformer formula?

K-Factor is a ratio between the additional losses due to harmonics and the eddy losses at 60 Hz. Note that K-Factor transformers do not eliminate harmonic distortion; they withstand the non-linear load condition without overheating.

What is current K factor?

The K-Factor indicates the amount of heat produced by sinusoidal currents compared with the same rms value of a pure sine current. The K-Factor, which provides a measurement of the thermal effects on transformers, is defined by the ANSI/IEEE C57. 110 standard.

Are all transformers K-rated?

K factor is defined as a ratio between the additional losses due to harmonics and the eddy current losses at 60Hz. It is used to specify transformers for non-linear loads. Transformers with a rated K factor of 4, 9, 13, 20 are available.

K Factors and Their Applications

What is K 4 rated transformer?

The K4 Transformer is used in applications in which a major portion of the load is non-linear devices, and the 24 hour average load duty cycle is 80% or higher. The K13 rated Transformer is used where the majority of the load is non-linear, and the 24 hour average load duty cycle is 95% or higher.

What is a k7 transformer?

K-rated transformers are manufactured with heavier gauge copper and a double sized neutral conductor and have higher magnetic to resistive properties than a standard transformer which enables them to handle the heat generated by harmonic currents.

What is K rated isolation transformer?

What is a K-rated transformer? A K-rated transformer is one which is used to deal with harmonic generating loads. Harmonics generate additional heat in the transformer and cause non-K-rated transformers to overheat possibly causing a fire, also reducing the life of the transformer.

What is the turn ratio of transformer?

The transformer turns ratio is the number of turns of the primary winding divided by the number of turns of the secondary coil. The transformer turns ratio provides the expected operation of the transformer and the corresponding voltage required on the secondary winding.

What is derating factor in transformer?

This factor is a function of the distribution of the current harmonic content. This way is defined the loss factor on a distribution transformer due to the current harmonics. For this standard the derating is obtained with the calculation of maximum current allowed in the distribution transformer.

What is a harmonic current?

Harmonic currents are caused by non-linear loads connected to the distribution system. A load is said to be non-linear when the current it draws does not have the same waveform as the supply voltage.

What is non linear load?

A Non Linear Load [NLL] is a load with current consuming characteristics that do not follow (mimic) the same fundamental shape as the applied voltage waveform. Technically, this situation is examined by conducting a voltage and current harmonic analysis.

What is a harmonic mitigating transformer?

Harmonic Mitigating Transformers, or HMT's, are specifically designed to minimize the voltage distortion and power losses that result from the harmonics generated by non-linear loads such as personal computers.

How do you calculate K factor?

K factor is a ratio between the distance from the neutral bend line to the inside bend radius and the material thickness. K factor uses the formula K factor = δ/T.

What are triple harmonics?

Triplen harmonics have frequencies in odd multiples of 3, i.e., 3 harmonic (150 Hz), 9th harmonic (450 Hz), 15. harmonic (750 Hz) and so on. These harmonics have some peculiar characteristics, which make them very difficult to handle and mitigate.

What is linear load and non linear load?

Linear load is electrical load consuming AC power both real power and apparent power with a power factor of 1. Example of linear load is incandescent lamp. Non-linear load generates harmonic currents in addition to the original AC current and its power factor is less than 1.

What is TTR test of transformer?

Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR) testing is one of the most common ways of assessing the condition of a transformer's windings and core. Throughout the life of a transformer, TTR results are compared against the nameplate ratings to reveal insulation deterioration, shorted turns, core heating or other abnormalities.

What turn ratio means?

Definition of turn ratio

: the ratio of the number of turns in one of two inductively coupled circuits to the number in the other.

Why transformer is rated in kVA not in kw?

The copper and iron are the two types of losses that occur in the transformer. The copper loss depends on the current (ampere) flows through the windings of the transformer while the iron loss depends on the voltage (volts). i.e., the rating of the transformer is in kVA.

What is harmonics in an electrical system?

Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, then the 2nd harmonic is 120 Hz, the third is 180 Hz, etc.

What is electrostatic shield on a transformer?

Electrostatic shielding is a metallic barrier built into a transformer between the primary and secondary winding. The shield is grounded and, therefore, helps prevent noise and transients from passing through the transformer to sensitive equipment.

What is the advantage of isolation transformer?

There are many advantages of an Isolation Transformer that include Safety, Reduced Surges, Noise Reduction and Better Power Quality. Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass.

How the harmonics are generated?

Harmonics are created by electronic equipment with nonlinear loads drawing in current in abrupt short pulses. The short pulses cause distorted current waveforms, which in turn cause harmonic currents to flow back into other parts of the power system.

What is harmonic filter?

Harmonic filters are series or parallel resonant circuits designed to shunt or block harmonic currents. They reduce the harmonic currents flowing in the power system from the source and thereby reduce the harmonic voltage distortion in the system.

What is a harmonic transformer?

The harmonic is the distortion in the waveform of the voltage and current. It is the integral multiple of some reference waves. The harmonic wave increases the core and copper loss of the transformer and hence reduces their efficiency.