What is congeners in pharmacology?

[kon´jĕ-ner] something closely related to another thing, or derived from the same source or stock, such as a member of the same genus, a muscle having the same function as another, or a chemical compound closely related to another in composition and exerting similar or antagonistic effects.

What is definition of congeners?

Definition of congener

1 : a member of the same taxonomic genus as another plant or animal. 2 : a person, organism, or thing resembling another in nature or action the New England private schools and their congeners west of the Alleghenies— Oliver La Farge. 3 : a chemical substance related to another.

What is an example of a congener?

Congeners refer to the various oxidation states of a given element in a compound. For example, titanium(II) chloride (titanium dichloride), titanium(III) chloride (titanium trichloride), and titanium(IV) chloride (titanium tetrachloride) may be considered congeners.

What is congeners in chemistry?

Congener is a term in chemistry that refers to one of many variants or configurations of a common chemical structure. Source: GreenFacts. More: For example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) occur in 209 different forms, or congeners. Each congener has two or chlorine atoms located at specific sites on the PCB molecule.

What are Congeneric species?

congeneric - an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)

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What does Saporous mean?

Definition of saporous

: of, relating to, or capable of exciting the sensation of taste : having flavor especially : agreeable in taste.

What is connubial bliss?

From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English connubial blissformal the state of being happily married living in connubial bliss → connubialExamples from the Corpusconnubial bliss• Walt and Marge lived in connubial bliss for over 50 years.

What do congeners do?

These compounds are responsible for giving taste and aroma to the alcoholic drink. Thus, the congener amount in a drink gives it a particular taste profile. For example, acetaldehyde is an aldehyde that gives rums and bourbons a fruity smell.

How do congeners affect the body?

In addition, congeners may stimulate the body to release stress hormones, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. These can cause inflammatory responses in the body that lead to fatigue and other hangover symptoms.

What are congeners in chemistry class 11?

A congener is a member of group of elements in the same periodic table group. Example: Potassium and sodium are congeners of each other. Copper, gold, and silver are congeners.

What are congeners and esters?

The majority of the post-distillation congeners are what's known as precursor molecules – acids and alcohols that combine into esters during wood aging. These precursor molecules can have nasty flavors (e.g. human vomit, or butyric acid) before they get combined into esters.

What are congeners alcohol?

Congeners are minor compounds other than ethanol that occur naturally in alcohol beverages as a result of distilling and fermenting processes.

Do congeners cause hangovers?

Congeners are found in larger amounts in dark liquors, such as brandy and bourbon, than in clear liquors, such as vodka and gin. Congeners are more likely to produce a hangover or increase the severity of a hangover. But drinking too much alcohol of any color can still make you feel bad the next morning.

What causes a hangover?

The main cause of a hangover is the effect of ethanol – the alcohol in your drinks. It's a toxic chemical that works in the body as a diuretic, which means it makes you pee more and you can become dehydrated as a result.

What alcohol gives you less hangover?

“Vodka is known to be the best alcoholic beverage for the most minimal hangover. Gin, light rum and white wine are runner-ups—with brandy and whiskey being at the bottom of the list.

Does white wine have congeners?

White wine doesn't contain congeners, but it does cause your stomach to secrete more acid, leaving you feeling nauseated. White wine may also contain sulfites, a term used for sulfur dioxide, which is used as a preservative.

Are congeners healthy?

Congeners -- many of which are toxic -- contribute to an alcohol's unique color, odor, and taste, but they can also interfere with cell function and punish your head and belly the morning after. Congeners aren't completely to blame for the pain and sluggishness of a hangover, however.

What is an example of a beverage with high congeners content?

Brandy, rum and red wine have the highest amount of congeners, while vodka and beer have the least. Congeners are the basis of alcohol congener analysis, a sub-discipline of forensic toxicology which determines what a person drank.

How does alcohol affect the brain?

Alcohol interferes with the brain's communication pathways and can affect the way the brain looks and works. Alcohol makes it harder for the brain areas controlling balance, memory, speech, and judgment to do their jobs, resulting in a higher likelihood of injuries and other negative outcomes.

What congeners are in red wine?

The list of congeners, which includes acetaldehyde and a variety of esters (particularly the ethyl esters of C8 to C12 fatty acids), is extensive. But the group collectively called fusel oil is the most abundant and might be the most intriguing. Certainly it's the congener with the most ambiguous reputation.

Does all alcohol give hangovers?

All alcohol is dehydrating, which means all of it can cause hangovers. But hangovers do range in severity depending on the type of alcohol, thanks to congeners, which are byproducts of fermentation.

What are Connubials?

Definition of connubial

: of or relating to the married state : conjugal connubial relations.

What is meant by disconsolately?

without consolation or solace; hopelessly unhappy; inconsolable: Loss of her pet dog made her disconsolate. characterized by or causing dejection; cheerless; gloomy: disconsolate prospects.

What is connubial felicity?

adj of or relating to marriage; conjugal. connubial bliss. (C17: from Latin conubialis from conubium marriage, from com- together + nubere to marry)

Is Savoriness a word?

adj. 1. Appetizing to the taste or smell: a savory stew.