What does tokamak mean in Russian?

A tokamak (/ˈtoʊkəmæk/; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus. The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power

fusion power

Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors.

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Fusion power - Wikipedia

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What does tokamak mean?

Definition of tokamak

: a toroidal device for producing controlled nuclear fusion that involves the confining and heating of a gaseous plasma by means of an electric current and magnetic field.

How does tokamak not melt?

Fusion powers the sun by forcing hydrogen atoms to combine into helium and releasing enormous amounts of energy. A tokamak uses strong magnetic fields to confine a plasma that is heated above 200 million ℃, maximizing the efficiency of hydrogen isotope fusion.

Is stellarator better than tokamak?

As such, the stellarators often operate at a higher density than tokamaks do. In the LHD, a super-dense core plasma (>1 × 10²¹ m⁻³) has been attained [23. H.

Why is it called a tokamak?

The term "tokamak" comes to us from a Russian acronym that stands for "toroidal chamber with magnetic coils" (тороидальная камера с магнитными катушками). To start the process, air and impurities are first evacuated from the vacuum chamber.

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How does a tokamak work?

In a tokamak, magnetic field coils confine plasma particles to allow the plasma to achieve the conditions necessary for fusion. One set of magnetic coils generates an intense “toroidal” field, directed the long way around the torus.

What material is a tokamak made of?

To meet this challenge, the materials that need to be developed for the tokamaks are steels for the first wall and other structurals, copper alloys for the heat sink, and beryllium for facing the plasma.

How hot is a tokamak reactor?

The temperatures inside the ITER Tokamak must reach 150 million degrees Celsius—or ten times the temperature at the core of the Sun—in order for the gas in the vacuum chamber to reach the plasma state and for the fusion reaction to occur.

Could a fusion reactor explode?

Fortunately, the reactor cannot explode. A nuclear explosion cannot occur because the fuel is not compact enough to allow an uncontrolled chain reaction. The MIT reactor has a lot of water and core structural materials that slow the neutrons down before they reach other fissile atoms.

How big is a tokamak?

830 cubic metres. The ITER Tokamak will be the largest ever built, with a plasma volume of 830 cubic metres.

How do you make a tokamak?

How to create a tokamak configuration: (a) If the current flows, a magnetic field is generated around the current. (b) Arranging circular coils around the torus and energizing the coil produces a magnetic field in the toroidal direction. (c) Toroidal plasma current produces a magnetic field linking the torus.

What is the hottest thing in the universe?

The hottest thing in the Universe: Supernova

The temperatures at the core during the explosion soar up to 100 billion degrees Celsius, 6000 times the temperature of the Sun's core.

What is hotter than the sun?

And the answer: lightning. According to NASA, lightning is four times hotter than the surface of the sun. The air around a stroke of lightning can peak at 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit, while the surface of the sun is around 11,000 degrees. Meanwhile, magma can reach temperatures near 2,100 degrees.

Is plasma hotter than fire?

Plasmas are gases in which a good fraction of the molecules are ionized. Ordinary flames ionize enough molecules to be noticeable, but not as many as some of the much hotter things that we usually call plasmas.

When was tokamak invented?

The tokamak concept was first developed in the 1950s by two Soviet physicists, Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov, who had been inspired by a letter from Oleg Lavrentiev. The first working tokamak, the T-1, was created by Natan Yavlinsky, in 1958.

How many tokamaks are there in the world?

There are roughly 150 tokamaks around the world; the biggest one is under construction in France for $30 billion by an international consortium called ITER.

How does a spherical tokamak work?

In a spherical tokamak, the plasma inside sits closer to the centre of the ring than in traditional designs, meaning that it experiences a higher magnetic field. The compactness of spherical tokamaks means they can achieve higher magnetic pressures, which enables them to achieve higher output powers.

How much does a tokamak cost?

The tokamak fusion reactor with a power level above that of the ITER but with a comparable or less reactor size, and with the COE less than 120 mills/kWh and the capital cost < 6000 M$ seems viable if plasma physics and engineering technology compared to those adapted in the design of the ITER are improved.

What fuel does tokamak use?

Once the fusion reaction is established in a tokamak, deuterium and lithium are the external fuels required to sustain it. Both of these fuels are readily available.

How do Stellarators work?

A stellarator is a machine that uses magnetic fields to confine plasma in the shape of a donut, called a torus. These magnetic fields allow scientists to control the plasma particles and create the right conditions for fusion reactions.

What shape is a tokamak?

A tokamak (/ˈtoʊkəmæk/; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field to confine plasma in the shape of a torus.

How small can a tokamak be?

TBR-1 was smaller than the STOR-M tokamak (R=0.46m, a=0.125)[3], which was, according to [4], the smallest tokamak that demonstrated some of the features of H-mode.