How do you shorten citations?

For subsequent citations, use a shortened version of the footnote, which includes:
  1. Author's last name (for edited works, use the editor's last name, but omit the "ed." after the name)
  2. Shortened form of title (2-4 words; omit initial articles such as A, An, or The from the title)
  3. Page number (when available)
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What is the shortest citation style?

As far as I've found, MLA seems to be the shortest as it switches author names to "et al." when there's four or more authors, whereas other citation styles that I've looked at only switch with a higher number of authors.
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How do you shorten a citation Harvard?

In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al.
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What does EDN mean in referencing?

editor or editors. edn. edition. This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition.
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What is end text referencing?

This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
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Shortening Citations With et al*



How do you cite a short article in APA?

In-text citations
  1. In text citations should be as follows: (Last Name, Year of Publication)
  2. The complete reference must show up at the end of the paper in the References page.
  3. If you are using a direct quote you must include the page number in the in-text citation: (Last Name, Year, Page Number)
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What is a superscript number in citation?

Use superscript arabic numerals to cite material, e.g., 1 The first reference used in a written document is listed as 1 in the reference list. Where to place the superscript? The superscript number 1 is inserted into the document immediately next to the fact, concept, or quotation being cited.
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How do you do subscript citations?

These are the general rules for implementing superscript numbers properly in your text:
  1. Use superscript Arabic numerals to cite sources.
  2. Insert the superscript number next to the statement, fact or quotation being cited.
  3. If citing more than one source at the same time, separate the numbers with commas.
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How do you type a superscript?

Keyboard shortcuts: Apply superscript or subscript
  1. Select the character that you want to format.
  2. For superscript, press Ctrl, Shift, and the Plus sign (+) at the same time. For subscript, press Ctrl and the Equals sign (=) at the same time.
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How do you do the little numbers for citations in Google Docs?

How to insert a superscript or subscript in Google Docs using special characters
  1. Place the cursor in your Google Doc where you want to insert the special character.
  2. Click the "Insert" menu and then click "Special characters."
  3. Click the rightmost drop-down and choose either "Superscript" or "Subscript."
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What are the 3 types of citations?

How to do I choose a citation style?
  • APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
  • MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities.
  • Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
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How do you do in-text citations?

Using In-text Citation

MLA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken, for example: (Smith 163). If the source does not use page numbers, do not include a number in the parenthetical citation: (Smith).
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How do you insert a citation in Word?

Add citations to your document
  1. Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite, and then on the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Insert Citations.
  2. From the list of citations under Insert Citation, select the citation you want to use.
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What is short direct quotation?

A short quotation contains no more than four lines of quoted material. Normal MLA formatting should be used when incorporating a short quotation into your work. This includes reference to the author and page number of the quotation.
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How do you cite in-text APA 7?

APA 7 Style uses the author-date citation method with parentheses. After a quote, add parentheses containing the author's name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) the quote appears. For quotations that are on one page, type "p." before the page number.
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How do you cite a 40 word quote in APA?

To include a direct quote in APA, follow these rules:
  1. Quotes under 40 words are placed in double quotation marks.
  2. Quotes of 40 words or more are formatted as block quote.
  3. The author, year, and page number are included in an in-text citation.
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How do I cite in MLA format?

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.
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How do you cite sources?

Every time you draw on ideas, summarize information, mention arguments, or give examples that you found in a source, you need to cite it. To refer to a source, you may quote or paraphrase the original text: To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks.
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How do you cite a paraphrase in MLA format?

Paraphrasing. When you write information or ideas from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion, like this: ​This is a paraphrase (Smith 8). This is a paraphrase ("Trouble" 22).
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Should I use MLA or APA?

Colleges use both MLA and APA styles. MLA is used for humanities and literature papers. APA is used for science and technical papers. However, both are used through college courses.
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What is APA and MLA format?

APA and MLA are two of the most commonly used citation styles. The APA manual (published by the American Psychological Association) is mostly used in social science and education fields. The MLA Handbook (published by the Modern Language Association) is mostly used in humanities fields.
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What are 3 ways you can cite a source in your work?

There are three ways to use sources effectively: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting directly.
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How do you subscript in Google Docs?

You can create subscript text in Google Doc using the menu system. To do this, highlight the text that you want to convert to subscript. Select Format from the menu. Select Text and then select Subscript.
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How do you insert a little number in Word?

Go to the “Insert” tab in the ribbon and look all the way to the right for the “Symbols” group. Click on the drop-down arrow where it says “Symbol” and choose “More Symbols” at the bottom of the menu to bring up the Symbol dialog box. You can use this to insert a subscript or superscript at the current cursor position.
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