How do microvascular complications occur?

Microvascular disease

Microvascular disease

Microangiopathy (also known as microvascular disease, small vessel disease (SVD) or microvascular dysfunction) is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. It can be contrasted to coronary heart disease, an angiopathy that affects the larger vessels. Microangiopathy. Other names.

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Microangiopathy - Wikipedia

tends to occur predominantly in tissues where glucose uptake is independent of insulin activity (eg kidney, retina and vascular endothelium) because these tissues are exposed to glucose levels that correlate very closely with blood glucose levels.

What causes the microvascular complications?

Microvascular complications are caused by chronic hyperglycemia, whereas macrovascular complications are caused by both chronic hyperglycemia and the consequences of insulin resistance.

What causes the microvascular complications in patients with DM?

High glucose levels increase the flux of sugar molecules through the polyol pathway, which causes sorbitol accumulation in cells. Osmotic stress from sorbitol accumulation has been postulated as an underlying mechanism in the development of diabetic microvascular complications,including diabetic retinopathy.

How can you prevent microvascular complications?

Diabetic microvascular complications can be controlled with tight glycemic therapy, dyslipidemia management and blood pressure control along with renal function monitoring, lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation and low-protein diet.

What are macrovascular complications?

Results: Macrovascular complications of T2DM include coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias and sudden death, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in diabetic patients.

Diabetes Complication and Pathophysiology of the complication

How does macrovascular disease arise?

It is a disease of the large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the sizable arteries in the brain and in the limbs. This sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for an extended period of time. Fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels and stick to the vessel walls.

What are the microvascular complication of hypertension?

Hypertension also seems to accelerate the development and progression of microvascular complications (nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) of T2DM.

What are the signs and symptoms of microvascular disease?

How can you reduce the risk of macrovascular and microvascular disease?

Macrovascular complication (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular) can be prevented with some intervention strategies eg, discouraging smoking habit, proper diet, regular physical activity, strict glycaemic and blood pressure control, lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol level and aspirin therapy ...

Is neuropathy a microvascular disease?

Classic microvascular pathologies include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, but brain, myocardium, skin, and other tissues are also affected.

Which risk factor is associated with macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus?

Advanced age, duration of DM, male sex, hypertension, smoking and insulin treatment were the most significant risk factors for macrovascular complications in type 2 DM patients.

What is microvascular?

Definition of microvascular

: of, relating to, or constituting the part of the circulatory system made up of minute vessels (such as venules or capillaries) that average less than 0.3 millimeters in diameter.

How does neuropathy occur in diabetes?

Researchers think that over time, uncontrolled high blood sugar damages nerves and interferes with their ability to send signals, leading to diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels (capillaries) that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients.

Is peripheral vascular disease microvascular?

Abstract. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation. Microvascular disease (peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, or retinopathy) increases the risk of lower limb amputation in patients with established PAD.

Why does diabetes cause retinopathy?

As diabetic retinopathy progresses, new blood vessels may grow and threaten your vision. Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels.

What are the most common complications of diabetes?

How is microvascular disease diagnosed?

The most commonly used tests to look for coronary microvascular dysfunction include invasive functional coronary angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography (PET). The latter 2 types of imaging studies are noninvasive (they do not require any instruments in the body).

Is microvascular disease hereditary?

Cerebral small vessel disease is considered hereditary in about 5% of patients and is characterized by lacunar infarcts and white matter hyperintensities on MRI.

Does exercise help microvascular disease?

Short-term exercise interventions in healthy children and adults, as well as CV risk patients, improved retinal microvascular structure and function. Exercise has the potential to counteract microvascular remodelling and development of small vessel disease during lifespan.

Which one of the following is a major complication of hypertension?

Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications including: Heart attack or stroke. High blood pressure can cause hardening and thickening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other complications. Aneurysm.

What is the most common cause of malignant hypertension?

What causes malignant hypertension? Uncontrolled high blood pressure is one of the main causes of malignant hypertension. Other causes include: Adrenal disorders including Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma or a renin-secreting tumor.

Which is a complication of hypertension in the brain?

High blood pressure can also cause blood clots to form in the arteries leading to the brain, blocking blood flow and potentially causing a stroke. Dementia. Narrowed or blocked arteries can limit blood flow to the brain, leading to a certain type of dementia (vascular dementia).

What are microvascular ischemic changes?

Overview. Microvascular ischemic disease is a term that's used to describe changes to the small blood vessels in the brain. Changes to these vessels can damage white matter — the brain tissue that contains nerve fibers and serves as the connection point to other parts of the brain.

How does vascular damage occur in diabetes?

Diabetes causes vascular disease if there is too much glucose in the blood. This excess glucose damages the blood vessels. Doctors do not know why Type 1 diabetes occurs, though they believe there is a hereditary link.

How do you know if you have vascular disease?

Lack of leg hair or toenail growth. Sores on toes, feet, or legs that heal slowly or not at all. Decreased skin temperature, or thin, brittle, shiny skin on the legs and feet. Weak pulses in the legs and the feet.