What are the challenges in hate speech?

A major arena for spreading hate speech online is social media. This significantly contributes to the difficulty of automatic detection, as social media posts include paralinguistic signals (e.g. emoticons, and hashtags), and their linguistic content contains plenty of poorly written text.

How is hate speech detected?

Simple surface features such as bag of words, word and character n-grams have been used as fundamental features in hate speech detection [2, 3, 9, 16, 20, 37–40], as well as other related tasks such as the detection of of- fensive and abusive content [5, 24, 27], discrimina- tion [42], and cyberbullying [44].

What is hate speech in simple words?

Legal Definition of hate speech

: speech that is intended to insult, offend, or intimidate a person because of some trait (as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or disability)

What is hate speech and who defines it?

Hate speech is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation".

How do you classify hate speech?

Should Hate Speech Be Protected As Free Speech?

How do you deal with hate speech?

What is hate speech communication?

Hate speech is a verbal or written communication expressing a generalized negative opinion about a particular demographic, sometimes attacking an individual as a member of that group. Hate speech often targets particular races, genders, sexual orientations, nationalities, ethnic groups and religions.

What is a stronger word for hate?

Some common synonyms of hate are abhor, abominate, detest, and loathe. While all these words mean "to feel strong aversion or intense dislike for," hate implies an emotional aversion often coupled with enmity or malice. hated the enemy with a passion.

Is hate an emotion?

Hate has been described widely as an emotion, but also as an attitude or a sentiment. Some scholars think that hate is an extreme version of anger or dislike; some describe hate as a blend of emotions such as anger, contempt and disgust; and others regard hate as a distinct and unique feeling.

Are fighting words illegal?

Fighting words are words meant to incite violence such that they may not be protected free speech under the First Amendment. The U.S. Supreme Court first defined them in Chaplinsky v New Hampshire (1942) as words which "by their very utterance, inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace.

What does it mean to hate someone?

Verb. hate, detest, abhor, abominate, loathe mean to feel strong aversion or intense dislike for. hate implies an emotional aversion often coupled with enmity or malice. hated the enemy with a passion detest suggests violent antipathy.

What is hate speech in South Africa?

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa allows for the freedom of expression with certain exceptions, one which prohibits the "advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes incitement to cause harm." This exclusion is one of many considerations noted in the ...

Is hate speech legal in Canada?

Section 319(2): Promoting hatred—makes it an offence to wilfully promote hatred against any identifiable group, by making statements (other than in private conversation). The Crown prosecutor can proceed either by indictment or by summary process. The maximum penalty is imprisonment of not more than two years.

Why is hate important?

Hate is the cause of our suffering and our bereavement. It's also what motivates us to stand up for ourselves and those who can no longer speak because their lives were brutally cut short. Surprisingly, however, hate can sometimes be the only thing that can heal us. Hate is not a single unified emotion.

How do we learn to hate?

It is a learned process, and it is easily taught, but we know it has a deep connection with fear. We hate someone because we are afraid they will harm us or our loved ones. We hate someone because they perform deeds that offend our beliefs.

What are the effects of hatred?

Experiences of hate are associated with poor emotional well-being such as feelings of anger, shame, and fear. Moreover, victims tend to experience poor mental health, including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and suicidal behavior.

How does hatred develop?

HATRED DEVELOPMENT

When a person does harm to another (for example, one partner hits the other), or members of a group harm another group which is slightly different (e.g. discriminating against someone in an educational setting, or exploiting someone at work), feelings of hatred may start to develop.

What is the strongest form of hate?

abhor Add to list Share. If you abhor something, it gives you a feeling of complete hatred. Chances are you abhor that kid who used to torture the frogs in biology class. Abhor is from Latin abhorrere — "to shrink back in horror." It is the strongest way in English to express hatred, even stronger than loathe.

Is love a strong word?

Love can also refer to a strong like for something or to like something a lot. Love has many other senses both as a verb and a noun. It is difficult to explain what love is. Love is one of the most intense emotions humans feel in life.

What is so special about online as compared to offline hate speech?

It has been suggested that the anonymity of the Internet can provide opportunities for freer speech because people can say what they think without fear that other people will react or respond unfavourably simply because of the colour of their skin, their sexual orientation, or even their gender identity, for instance ( ...

What is xenophobia How does it relate to online hate speech?

How can we counter online hate speech and xenophobia? As humans, we thrive on social connections and group associations. But this tendency can also lead us to be suspicious of people outside our group. This fear -- xenophobia -- can be overcome by more exposure to people who are different from us.

How does Instagram define hate speech?

Meta's current policy on hate speech prohibits users from posting hateful content, defining hate speech as “a direct attack against people — rather than concepts or institutions— on the basis of what we call protected characteristics.” However, Media Matters has identified several accounts that violate these policies, ...

How do you react to hate?

Is hate speech a part of free speech?

While “hate speech” is not a legal term in the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that most of what would qualify as hate speech in other western countries is legally protected free speech under the First Amendment.

What are the limitations on freedom of speech?

Second, a few narrow categories of speech are not protected from government restrictions. The main such categories are incitement, defamation, fraud, obscenity, child pornography, fighting words, and threats.