What is one and a half syndrome?

One-and-a-half syndrome is a syndrome characterized by horizontal movement disorders of the eyeballs, which was first reported and named by Fisher in 1967. It presents a combination of ipsilateral conjugate horizontal gaze palsy (one) and ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of eye movements caused by a lesion in an area of the brain called the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). The most common causes of INO are multiple sclerosis and brainstem infarction.

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(INO) (a half).

What is eight and a half syndrome?

Eight-and-a-half syndrome describes a constellation of symptoms that occur due a lesion involving the abducens (cranial nerve (CN) VI) nucleus, the fascicular portion of the facial (CN VII) nerve, and the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).

What is the Pprf?

The paramedian pontine reticular formation, also known as PPRF or paraabducens nucleus, is part of the pontine reticular formation, a brain region without clearly defined borders in the center of the pons. It is involved in the coordination of eye movements, particularly horizontal gaze and saccades.

What is Webino?

Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplaegia (WEBINO) is a rare neuro-ophthalmological condition characterised by dissociated abducting nystagmus, impaired convergence and supranuclear vertical gaze palsy.

What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia or ophthalmoparesis (INO) is an ocular movement disorder that presents as an inability to perform conjugate lateral gaze and ophthalmoplegia due to damage to the interneuron between two nuclei of cranial nerves (CN) VI and CN III (internuclear).

One and half syndrome

What does Oscillopsia look like?

The main symptom of oscillopsia is jumpy vision. Objects that are still — like a stop sign or tree — look like they're shaking or vibrating. People with oscillopsia describe symptoms like these: jumping, jittery, wobbly, or shimmering vision.

What causes parinaud syndrome?

Etiology. Parinaud syndrome (PS) results from lesions affecting structures in the dorsal midbrain (e.g., infarction, hemorrhage, tumors, demyelination, inflammation, infection, trauma, hydrocephalus, and arteriovenous malformations).

What is Opthalmoplegia?

This article discusses ophthalmoplegia, meaning paralysis of the eye muscles. External ophthalmoplegia means paralysis of the extraocular (extrinsic) muscles that move the eyes. Internal ophthalmoplegia means paralysis of the intrinsic (internal) eye muscles that control pupil size and accommodation (focusing).

What causes INO?

The most common causes of INO are multiple sclerosis and brainstem infarction. Other causes include head trauma, brainstem and fourth ventricular tumors, Arnold-Chiari malformation, infection, hydrocephalus, and lupus erythematosus.

What is bilateral INO?

Bilateral INO is characterized by bilateral manifestation of INO discussed previously in addition to a vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus on upward gaze. Notably, a pseudo-INO can be present in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG).

What is vertical gaze?

Vertical gaze palsy refers to the condition in which neither eye moves fully upward or downward. In contrast to horizontal gaze, there are no clinical disorders in which vertical gaze palsy is caused by cerebral hemisphere disease.

What does the MLF do?

The MLF is a fiber tract located directly ventrolateral to the oculomotor nucleus that interconnects the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, and abducens nucleus (Figure 1). The MLF serves to facilitate yoked eye movements (i.e., simultaneous abduction of the right eye and adduction of the left or vice versa).

What happens if the frontal eye field is damaged?

Damage to the frontal eye fields will cause deficits in voluntary eye movement to the contralateral visual field (leading to active visual search deficits), but preserved passive eye movement (as in the following of a moving object).

What is Foville syndrome?

Inferior medial pontine syndrome, also known as Foville syndrome, is one of the brainstem stroke syndromes occurring when there is infarction of the medial inferior aspect of the pons due to occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery ^1-3.

What is conjugate gaze palsy?

A conjugate gaze palsy is inability to move both eyes together in a single horizontal (most commonly) or vertical direction.

How common is INO?

INO is caused by damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, a group of nerve cells leading to the brain. It's common in young adults and older people. INO is rare in children.

What is INO multiple sclerosis?

An internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is an eye movement disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS) in which the adducting eye movement is slowed down compared to the abducting eye movement. The cause of an INO is demyelination in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).

Can ophthalmoplegia be cured?

The term "supranuclear" refers to the part of the brain that is affected, an area above the nuclei. Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia also may be called progressive supranuclear ophthalmoplegia to reflect the fact that the condition is progressive — that means the condition gets worse over time and there is no cure.

What is a Chemosis?

Chemosis is swelling of the tissue that lines the eyelids and surface of the eye (conjunctiva).

Why do my eyes feel heavy and blurry?

Reasons why your eyes may go blurry at night can include: You are tired so your visual system is fatigued. You have a refractive error such as long-sightedness or astigmatism. During the day, you may be able to compensate for these, but when your eyes are tired, your vision can go blurry.

How many people have CPEO?

CPEO is rare. Approximately 1000-4000 children are born with mitochondrial disease annually in the United States.

How is Parinaud syndrome diagnosed?

To diagnose Parinaud syndrome, your doctor will likely start by giving you a thorough eye exam to test your eyes' movement abilities. Next, they'll use either a CT scan or an MRI scan to get a better look at your brain. They may also use a lumbar puncture, often called a spinal tap.

What is Weber Syndrome?

Weber syndrome, classically described as a midbrain stroke syndrome and superior alternating hemiplegia, involves oculomotor fascicles in the interpeduncular cisterns and cerebral peduncle, thereby causing ipsilateral third nerve palsy with contralateral hemiparesis.

What is partial gaze palsy?

Partial gaze palsy; gaze is abnormal in one or both eyes, but forced deviation or total gaze paresis is not present. Forced deviation, or total gaze paresis is not overcome by the oculocephalic maneuver.

What neurological disorders cause balance problems?